甚么是助听器?

助听器是一个需要使用电池的小型电子仪器产品,助听器主要功能为放大声音,帮助听力损失者聆听声音。

 

助听器运作原理
助听器具备有三个基本零件:麦克风、 扩大器或数位晶片、喇叭。助听器主要原理为透过麦克风收取声音,经过扩大器或数位晶片将声音放大及处理后,再经由喇叭输出,后将声音传送至使用者的耳朵内。

 

助听器发展
助听器早期为传统类比式助听器,透过类比元件的旋钮来调整,可以调整的参数及X较少,声音处理部分也较为基本。现今助听器为数位式助听器,主要是透过电脑软体输入使用者听力图做调整,可调整参数较多,且晶片可进行各种数位讯号处理,如:降低噪音和聚焦语音,因此声音处理后可有较佳的音质。助听器业界目前仍持续在进行各种新技术的研发,以解决听力损失者在日常生活会遭遇各式各样的听力障碍。

助听器种类
依外型及配戴位置大致上可分为耳挂型助听器以及耳内型助听器两大类:

 

一.耳挂型助听器

1.传统耳挂型助听器
连结传统耳模,适用于较广的听损范围。针对婴幼儿或幼童,由于耳道部分尚未发育完全以及耳壳较软支撑力不够,建议配戴连结传统耳模的助听器,固定性较佳。

2. 开放式耳挂型助听器
连结细耳管或外接式喇叭与耳塞,适用于低频较好的听损者。由于开放式的耳塞,可以帮助降低助听器配戴时的耳闷塞感,增加使用者配戴助听器的舒适度。

二.耳内型助听器

1.全耳型助听器
适合较广的听损范围。由于全耳型助听器机壳空间较大,可选择放置较多的零件,例如:方向性麦克风,T感应线圈,程式控制钮或音量旋转钮等。针对耳道较小的东方人,全耳型常是耳内型助听器较佳的选择。

2.耳道型助听器
较适合中重度以内的听力损失。耳道型助听器机壳空间尚可,仍可选放相关零件,例如:方向性麦克风,T感应线圈,程式控制钮或音量旋转钮等。耳道型助听器在配戴上较全耳型隐密,并且仍可选配相关零件,适用于听力损失不太重且耳道大小适中的听损者。

3.深耳道型助听器
较适合中度以内的听力损失。深耳道式助听器在配戴上隐密性高,由于完全置放在耳道内,仍可运用自然的耳壳收音,增加声源定位能力,以及降低风噪声影响。

 

助听器新科技
助听器发展日新月异,近期较新的发展包括即时音讯传输技术,此技术运用两耳助听器共四个麦克风组成的网络,可以即时、同步且双向地交换两个助听器之间的音讯,同时处理同侧耳和对侧耳的声音讯号,后製造出高度聚焦于前方语音的方向性,此助听器功能特别适合在拥挤吵杂的街道或在X众中与人一对一地交谈。

此外,助听器的自动方向性还会主动分析主要语音的来源方向,无论语音从哪个方向而来,助听器会自动地选择聚焦在前、后或左、右等方向,如果语音主要从右耳而来,语音讯号也会被传送到左耳助听器,藉此改善在噪音中听取语音的能力,使用者再也不用面对说话者,也不需要手动调整助听器麦克风的方向性。 这项功能特别适合在开车的状况下与坐在副驾驶座及后座的人交谈。

接听电话常常是听损者的一大难题, 现在业界也研发了新的助听器功能,只要电话话筒接近任一耳的助听器,电话音讯可以即时地被传送至对侧耳的助听器,且对侧耳的助听器会减弱收音以减少背景噪音的干扰,因此使用者可以更轻鬆地聆听电话,享受沟通的乐趣。

目前助听器针对高频听损, 更研发了新的频率压缩技术, 在不改变中低频的状况之下,将高频的声音压缩至邻近听力较好的频率带,不会有频率带重叠及溷合的现象,可以增进语音听取能力,尤其是高频子音/ㄙ/, /ㄒㄩ/的部分,可以提供更清晰的沟通品质,更丰富的聆听内容。

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